Description
Introduction/Objectives
One Health approach recognizes that the health of people is closely connected to the health of
animals and our shared environment. Water quality and sanitation are crucial factors in
safeguarding human and animal health. However, inadequate water management and
contaminated water sources can lead to the spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera,
diarrhea, dysentery, hepatitis A and typhoid and contribute to Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR).
Health, a common good must be preserved right from local communities and ground-based
solutions need to be co-designed in collaboration with all stakeholders. The objective of this
study was to assess drinking water contamination levels linked to sanitation, hygiene, the
presence of animals and provide a comprehensive understanding of the One Health implications of
these factors in Akonolinga, Centre Region, Cameroon.
Methodology
The present study took place in November 2023, during the 2nd edition of the One Health Water
Africa (OHWA) Field school. OHWA is a consortium of four institutions namely the University
of Buea, the University of Douala and the French Institute for Sustainable Development (located
in Cameroon) and the University of Corsica Pascal Paoli (in France). The study focused on three
villages along the Nyong River. A cross-sectional study design was employed to collect data
from 80 households. Water samples were tested at sources and in homes. Samples were analyzed
for various parameters such as nitrates, nitrites, Escherichia coli and total coliforms to assess
contamination levels. Additionally, sanitation practices and the presence of domestic animals
were observed through household surveys and visual inspection.
Results and discussion
Results revealed varying levels of contamination across different water sources. Drinking water
collected in households exhibited the highest contamination level. Water sources in Aboe-Bikele
had high levels of nitrates, an indicator of excessive use of nitrogen-based fertilizers. The
presence of domestic animals sharing a common space with individuals and inadequate latrine
conditions were observed to further contribute to water contamination risks. The impact on AMR
was evident through the interconnectedness of human, animal and environmental health in the
study area. Contaminated water sources act as potential reservoir for antimicrobial resistant
bacteria facilitating their dissemination within the community. Poor sanitation practices coupled
with the presence of stray animals increase the risk of disease transmission and the potential
development of antimicrobial resistance.
Conclusion
This study highlights the urgent need to improve water management, sanitation, hygiene and
agricultural practices in Akonolinga. The significant levels of water contamination in households
underscore the necessity for enhanced water treatment measures. Addressing inadequate latrine
conditions and controlling the movement of animals are crucial in minimizing health and water
contamination risks. Overall, this study underlines the importance of community engagement
and risk communication of One Health issues and co-construction of possible solutions.
Keywords: One Health, Antimicrobial Resistance, Water Contamination, Sanitation and Hygiene.
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